energy can be classified into categories based on resources it can be obtained or energy that affects the environment and other conditions.
here are important notes on conventional and non-conventional energy resources for MPPSC, and UPSC exams for prelims and mains exam
conventional and non-conventional energy resources
Conventional energy resources meaning
These are traditional sources of energy and are available in limited quantities. These are also known as nonrenewable energy resources, and create environmental pollution due to carbon content released on burning.
example, Coal, petroleum, gas, and hydropower greater than 25megawatt
Non-conventional energy resources mean
These are mostly renewable sources of energy that are limitless in production and can be produced without harming the environment, do not create pollution. and are Green energy.
example- all renewable like hydroelectric, wind, solar, tidal, ocean wave, geothermal, OTEC, biomass, biogas, biodiesel, biodiesel,
and atomic energy (non-renewable also added in this category).
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Conventional energy sources
Coal
It is a fossil fuel, that contains carbon, hydrogen, volatile matter and moisture, and ash content
classification of coal based on carbon content
- Anthracite (80-95% carbon)
- bituminous(55-65%) used in industries making coke
- lignite(45-55%)
- peat(35 -40%)
India is the second-largest producer
Based on origin classified as
Gondwana (98% coal produced from gondwana region). found in MP, Jharkhand, Chattisgarh, Orissa etc. and
tertiary (only 2% production) found in regions - Assam, Jammu Kashmir,
Highest coal reserves in India state-wise
- Odisha
- Chattisgarh
- Jharkhand
- West Bengal
- Madhya Pradesh
highest coal-producing states are
- Chattisgarh
- Odisha
- Madhya Pradesh
- Jharkhand
- Telangana
important coal mines
jharia, Bokaro, giridh,karanpura, Ramgarh in Jharkhand
tatapani, Ramkola in chattisgarh
Talcher in Orissa
singareni in andra pradesh
Coal Bed methane is similar to natural gas, having good calorific value, like sour gas lacks hydrogen mainly composed of methane, nitrogen, CO2
policy in 1997
petroleum
found in sedimentary rocks
leading producing regions of petroleum in India are
- coastal region
- Rajasthan
- Gujarat
- Assam
Natural gas-producing regions
- coastal regions
- Assam
- Tripura
- Rajasthan
- Gujarat
- Tamil Nadu
Gujarat largest producer of crude oil and natural gas
oil refineries in mp Bina(BPCL) in 2009
oil sedimentary basins operational
Assam-Arakan
Cambay
krishna godavari basin
Cauvery
kutch offshore
Rajasthan
Sagar Samridhi Project 2003 for deep water exploration on East and west coasts
International Energy Agency - 1974 HQ- Paris
India is fourth largest producer of liquified natural gas
Thermal energy
by using fossil fuels like coal, petroleum, and natural gas
9 ultra mega power projects produce energy of about 4000MW - Sasan Umpp in MP, Mundra in Gujarat, krishnapatnam in Andra Pradesh, UMPP in Jharkhand, Chattisgarh, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, and Karnataka
Read- green energy corridor and deendayal upadhyay gram jyoti yojana
Nuclear energy
source of clean energy produced by nuclear fission using heavy atom like uranium, thorium, and plutonium
The Atomic Energy Commission was formed in 1948 and the department in 1954 by the efforts of dr. Homi Jahangir Bhabha
first atomic research reactor Apsara in Troumbay Mumbai
first nuclear power reactor Jarapur 1969
Total installed 6780 MW capacity
India 6th rank in the world
uranium is found in Jharkhand, Meghalaya, Rajasthan
Hydel power
Its is renewable source of energy
potential is 148 giga watt India is 7th largest producer
first hydroelectricity power plant 1902 in shivasamudram karnataka
proposed - lower subanshri arunachal worlds biggest hydroelctric plant 2000mw
Read all hydroelectric power projects in India
power sector total installed capacity in India
state sector
central sector
private sector
Types of electric plants capacity(MW) Share(%)
Thermal electricity 237929 MW - 56.4%
(coal-based, lignite, gas-based, oil-based)
Hydroelectricity 46850 - 11.1%
Nuclear based 7480 MW - 1.8%
Renewable energy source 129643 - 30.7%
Total capacity 421902 MW
installed capacity of Renewable and non-renewable energy resources
Non-conventional energy resources
Also known as Renewable sources of energy, These are available in abundant
In Renewable energy production, India stands fourth in the world
Solar
Potential 7,48,990 MW
Asia's Largest solar thermal electric plant set in Nagpur MH
solar pond - Bhuj Kutch Gujarat
solar-diesel hybrid plant- Lakshadweep Bangaram island
Solar mission of India started in 2010
Shakti Sthala Solar Park Karnataka
International Solar Alliance initiative started by India and France on 30 Nov 2015 in Paris, Its headquarters in Gurugram
The first ISA summit was held - in 2018 in Delhi
Rank in energy efficiency index - 1. Karnataka, 2. Rajasthan, 3. Haryana, and 4. Maharashtra
Scheme- kisan urja Suraksha evam utthan Mahaabhiyan(KUSUM)
State-wise solar installed capacity
Karnataka 7355.17 MW
Rajasthan 5732.56mw
Tamil Nadu 4475.21mw
Gujarat 4430.82 mw
Andhra Pradesh 4203 mw
first solar canal plant 2012 Chandrasan Mehsana district in Guajrat
Wind energy
India stands in the fourth position in Wind energy production, having a total installed capacity of 42.63 Gigawatts.
Top states installed wind power capacity in India
- Tamil Nadu
- Gujarat
- Karnataka
- Maharashtra
- andra pradesh
- Gujarat 10,415.82
- Tamil Nadu 10,124.52
- Karnataka 5,303.05
- Rajasthan 5,193.42
- Maharashtra 5,026.33
- Andhra Pradesh 4,096.65
- Madhya Pradesh 2,844.29
policies - National offshore wind energy policy 2015 for EEZ production target of 5GW
Wind solar hybrid policy
India has a potential of 695 gigawatt
Geothermal Energy
Potential - 10.60 Giga watt i.e. 10,600 megawatt
Geothermal plant set up in Manikaran Himachal Pradesh
Geothermal energy center - Puga valley in Laddakh
Tatapani in chattishgarh sarguja
The highest potential of geothermal
Sutlej, Spiti, Beas,Parvati valley Himachal Pradesh
Badrinath Tapovan Uttrakhand
Surajkund Jammu Kashmir
OTEC Oceanic thermal energy conversion
Energy is produced by using temperature differences between deep cold ocean water and warm tropical surface water. The energy is absorbed by oceanic surfaces up to 1000m deep the sea,
the region were the temperature is 25 degrees c
Tidal; energy
It is a form of hydropower.
Highest potential in the Gulf of Khambat, kutch, and Sundarbans.
Kandla plant located in the Gulf of Kutch
Wave Energy
known as ocean wave energy
Renewable energy
Ideal place - Trade wind belt of Arabian sea and Bay of Bengal
First oceanic wave power plant in India- Vizhinjan Kerala
Hydrogen Energy
It can be a substitute for liquid and gaseous fossil fuels
Hydrogen energy center at BHU in Varanasi for research and development
Hydrogen enriched CNG HCNG blending of CNG and Hydrogen
Biomass
Source - Residues of Agriculture and forest
Garbage municipality
Installed capacity - 10.15 Gigawatt
Centers
- Jhalkheri and Punjab Rice husk plant
- Timarpur Delhi
- Mumbai
- Gasifier-based port Blair
Biofuel
The blending of ethanol and produced using Jatropha
Biofuel Generation
- first - edible biomass from sugarbeet, sugar cane, wheat, and corn,
- Second generation from wood, straw, and grass
- third - Algae and microalgae and macroalgae
- fourth generation capture and stored pyrolysis, solar to fuel, gasification
Polices - biofuels National Policy 2009
basic biofuel bioethanol and biodiesel
Advanced biofuels - 2nd bioethanol and municipality solid waste and 3rd generation bioethanol and bio cng
Mains content/notes energy resources
difference between Conventional and Non-Conventional sources of Energy
| Aspect | Conventional Energy | Non-Conventional Energy |
|---|---|---|
| Source | Derived from exhaustible resources like coal, oil, and natural gas. | Derived from renewable resources like sunlight, wind, and water. |
| Availability | Finite, limited availability. | Generally abundant, continuously available. |
| Impact on Environment | Often associated with pollution and environmental degradation. | Generally cleaner with lower greenhouse gas emissions. |
| Technology | Well-established technologies. | Emerging and evolving technologies. |
| Cost | Initial setup costs may be lower, but operational costs can be high. | Initial setup costs may be higher, but operational costs tend to be lower. |
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